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✦ SCIENCE ✦

SCI
ENCE!

⚗️ Physics, chemistry & biology, in big comic pictures!

📖 5 Pages ⏱️ 5 min read 🧠 Quiz included
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FIRE FROM STICKS
Prehistoric
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PYRAMID SLEDS
Egypt, 3000 BC
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DA VINCI STUDIES
Friction Laws, 1493
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AMONTONS LAWS
Friction Formula, 1699
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MODERN ENGINES
Lubrication Science
🔥 FRICTION: THE SLOWING FORCE
TOPIC 03 · SURFACES · HEAT · GRIP · CHAPTER A
PAGE 1 OF 5 · WHY THINGS GRAB AND DRAG
THE FORCE BEHIND EVERY GRIP
Friction in action — shoes gripping a sidewalk, a pen dragging across paper, and brake pads gripping a disc, showing how the sideways force between surfaces slows every slide
A TINY BRAKE ON EVERY SLIDE
When two things touch and try to skid past each other, they put up a fight. We call that fight friction. It is a sideways push that slows the slide. Shoes and sidewalk, pen and paper, brake pad and spinning disc, all use this idea so you can stand, draw, and stop.

Even a “smooth” table is lumpy under a microscope. Little hills catch on other hills when you press down. More weight, more catch. Rougher skin on the road, more catch. With zero friction, you could not even take a step without slipping like a cartoon on ice.
"A little rub is how you steer. No rub, no steer."
GRIP!
WHAT CREATES FRICTION?
Microscopic view of two surfaces — even seemingly smooth materials have tiny bumps and ridges that catch on each other, creating friction when they press together and slide
🔴 Microscopic bumps on every surface
⚒️ Heavier object = more friction
🌍 Rough surface = more friction
📅 Smooth/oiled surface = less friction
FRICTION'S FORMULA
Friction formula F equals mu times N — mu is the coefficient of friction (how grippy the surfaces are) and N is the normal force (how hard they press together)
🧩 F = μ × N
🔺 μ = coefficient of friction
🔺 N = normal force (weight pressing down)
📈 Higher μ = rougher, grippier surface
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